With the ceaseless development of the automotive industry, different vehicle techniques are being invented to cope with the threats of environment pollution and improve efficiency. A summary of each of all four will look at – hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles.
- Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)
This type of vehicle integrates the use of an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor. In this instance, the electric motor serves to enhance the profitability of the engine by reducing the amount of fuel consumed as well as the emissions.
Characteristics:
Regenerative Braking: This system utilizes braking to provide energy to the battery.
No Plug-in Required: The engines and the regenerative brakes recharge the batteries.
Fuel Efficiency: Usually tends to be a more economical fuel consuming machine than the conventional cars.
- Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
Overview: PHEVs can be thought of as HEVs with enhanced capabilities particularly because they possess larger batteries that can be charged from an external source. They are able to use only electric power for a short distance and thereafter use gasoline.
Key Features:
Extended Electric Range: Such vehicles are often able to drive 20-50 miles operating on electric energy alone.
Dual Power Sources: Electric and gas engines for convenience switching.
Charging Options: Use personal contact charger or public charging points.
Examples: Chevrolet Volt, Ford Escape PHEV.
- Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
Overview: BEVs encompass electric power only vehicles that have a large storage battery fitted in to avoid apportion without using a power source. These types of vehicles have zero emissions from the exhaust and hence are accepted as the greenest way of motoring.
Key Features:
Charging Infrastructure: Access to contar ununo to contsoli enhverop fa gpowrser-chindingum enlarg einordeniend rdege pones.
Long Electric Range: Typically, the range of modern BEVs on a single charge is over 200 miles.
Fewer Moving Parts: They are mostly less expensive to maintain than ICE vehicles.
Examples: Teslanmdo3 Nissan Leaf.
- Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV’s)
Overview: FCEV’s produce energy by converting the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into water vapor. It is a cleaner alternative to conventional vehicles as well as battery-veered vehicles.
Key Features:
Refueling Time: Hydrogen tanks are refueled in approximately five minutes just like a gasoline vehicle.
Range: The range of the FCEV is generally similar to that of a conventional vehicle.
Infrastructure Challenges: The limited availability of hydrogen refueling stations makes it impossible to use the technology on a larger scale.
Examples: V Toyota Mirai, Hyundai NEXO.
Conclusion
All these vehicle types are contributing to the evolution of cleaner modes of transport. HEVs and PHEVs are transitional for users who are used to driving standard vehicles. Nonetheless, BEVs and FCEVS epitomize technology that eliminates greenhouse gases. With the improvement of charging stations and hydrogen supply, it is projected that the usage of these vehicles will go up, and a positive impact on the environment will be achieved.
